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Open a larger version of the following image in a popup: Escola Chinesa, Doca de Guangzhou - Cantão / The Guangzhou Dock - Canton, séc. XIX

Escola Chinesa

Doca de Guangzhou - Cantão / The Guangzhou Dock - Canton, séc. XIX
óleo s/ tela / oil on canvas
46,0 x 60,0 cm
Não assinado e não datado
D1865
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This mid-19th century oil on canvas, possibly painted by the same Chinese artist that produced the previously described “Macao Tanka women” scene, portrays a daily life view of Canton, of abundant formal and compositional details. On the left foreground a building in semidarkness that defines the painting’s light. In the shade, close to the wall, a parasol, a food selling stall and four men, contrasting with the two figures that seem to stroll and chat on the dock. Both groups share the colour red, in the watermelons and in a package, contributing for reenforcing the scene’s main plan. Further afield the composition is denser, and rich in elements, as emphasized by the boats, the stone bridge, and the moving people. On the opposite bank, numerous anchored boats, and various buildings, amongst which the two treetops that introduce nature. The sky is affirmed by its light blue clarity and by the almost static clouds. This detail, almost a snapshot of the Guangzhou dock, formerly Canton, depicts the canal that penetrated through the city flat suburbs, the only one in this coastal city, and where it was possible to dock. In the shade, three sellers and a possible fisherman seem to converse by a stall, possibly selling watermelon slices, with two baskets of identical fruits underneath. They are shoeless and humbly dressed, one simply wearing short trousers. The two passers-by standing out from the centre of the composition seem to chat unworriedly, their higher status clearly identified by the full costume and footwear, as well as by their forehead tonsure and long plait. This type of hair styling , customary in the Qing dynasty (ca. 1644-1912), symbolized Chinese Han social control and submission to Manchu authority. While three sampan sail in the river, it is possible to discern numerous others anchored on the opposite bank, this dock being destined to trading from small Chinese vessels. From amongst those, stands out a large Mandarin’s boat, who controlled trading, with its boatmen on deck. No foreign vessels are present in the scene as they could not sail into Canton, being forced to anchor at Whampoa, further down the river. From that point upriver the Europeans had to be taken to the city on the sampan. Visible behind the port, the city’s residential neighbourhood, where most buildings were also destined to commercial activities. The riverbanks are joined by a bridge crossed by merchants, boatmen and passers-by. On it, two people enjoy the sights seated on the wooden barriers, a labourer carries a bundle of withe and seated on a stool, a trader waits for a sale. China Trade views are characterized by maritime scenes, landscapes, and everyday depictions as well as by portraits. From the late 18th century onwards, cultural, and artistic exchanges between Chinese and Europeans resulted in a hybrid style of evident mastery and refinement. Most paintings were produced in watercolour and gouache on paper and defined by their colour diversity, as if assuming the role of early postcards. These works reached the peak of their popularity in the mid-19th century, on account of the Aesthetic Orientalism tendencies, being generally purchased by European travellers on their return home. Today they are important testimonies of one, mostly lost, China.








Esta pintura a óleo sobre tela, pintada por artista chinês em meados do século XIX, provavelmente o mesmo que terá pintado “As Mulheres Tanka de Macau”, retrata uma cena do quotidiano em Cantão, rica em termos formais e compositivos, Num primeiro plano, à esquerda, uma habitação na penumbra vai definir a sua luz. Na sombra, junto à parede, um guarda-sol, uma banca de venda de produtos alimentares e 4 homens, visivelmente populares, contrapõem com as duas figuras que passeiam e dialogam na amurada. Ambos estes agrupamentos têm em comum a cor vermelha, nas melancias e num embrulho, que contribui para reforçar o primeiro plano.Observando os outros planos, a composição é profusa e cheia de elementos afirmada por barcos, pela ponte em pedra e por seres humanos em movimento. Na outa margem, inúmeras embarcações ancoradas e, casario, onde só as copas de 2 arvores vem impor a natureza. O céu é destacado pela sua nudez num azul-pálido e nuvens quase estáticas.Pormenor do cais de Guangzhou, antigo Cantão, numa vista circunscrita ao canal que se adentra pelos subúrbios planos da cidade, o único existente nesta cidade costeira e onde era possível atracar. À sombra, três vendedores e um possível pescador, conversam junto a banca com fruta - provavelmente talhadas de melancia – e dois cestos com o mesmo tipo fruta. Estão descalços, pobremente vestidos, um dos quais só traja calções. Os dois transeuntes que se destacam ao centro conversam despreocupadamente e são identificáveis pela indumentária e penteado. De estatuto elevado, usam calçado e vestuário completo, chamando a atenção a tonsura na fronte e a trança que cai sobre a nuca. Este estilo de cabelo , comum na dinastia Qing (c. 1644-1912), simboliza o controlo social e a submissão dos Han chineses à autoridade Manchu . No rio, três embarcações sampana navegam e, na margem oposta, inúmeros barcos. Neste cais atracavam essencialmente barcos chineses de pequena dimensão para a realização de trocas comerciais. Destaca-se um barco mandarim, entre as sampanas com os respetivos barqueiros, que controlava as trocas comercias. Não são visíveis barcos estrangeiros, interditos de navegar até Cantão, que deviam ficar atracados em Wamphoa. A partir deste ponto os europeus tinham de ser conduzidos à cidade por sampanas. Por detrás do porto, o complexo habitacional de Cantão, onde a maioria dos imoveis também era destinada a fins comerciais.As margens do rio encontram-se unidas por uma ponte. Comerciantes, barqueiros e transeuntes atravessam-na e duas pessoas contemplam a vista sentados nas guardas de madeira. Um trabalhador acarta um molhe de verga e, sentado num banco, negociante tenta vender algo. As representações pictóricas de China Trade caracterizam-se por cenas marítimas, paisagísticas e do quotidiano assim como de retrato. A partir de finais do século XVIII, as trocas culturais e artísticas entre europeus e chineses resultaram num estilo híbrido, com notória perícia e requinte de realização descritiva e minuciosa. A maioria era produzida em aguarela e guache sobre papel e tinha como principal característica a diversidade de cores, assumindo-se como uma espécie de “postais ilustrados”. Estas obras atingiriam maior popularidade em meados do século XIX por conta da tendência do Orientalismo Estético, em geral trazidos pelos viajantes para a Europa e que constituem atualmente importantes documentos históricos, permitindo conhecer a China de então.
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