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Open a larger version of the following image in a popup: Tsuba Namban, "Nau de Trato" (Kurufune), Japão, inícios séc. XVII

Black Boat – Korufune Nanban Tsuba, Japan, early 17th c.

Wrought iron and gold
1.0 x 7.0 x 7.0 cm
F1110
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The tsuba, or sword hand guard, is a metal disk that protects the warrior’s hands against the enemy’s sword. The earliest known examples date from the 6th century, becoming in the early Edo Period (1600-1868) an integral part of the elaborate artistic traditions associated to the warrior class weaponry and armour. Usually made in iron, such as the examples here described, they are often encrusted in precious materials (F1109 and F1110) and decorated with historic and symbolic motives.
Early examples, tear shaped and of merely practical defensive use, were characterized by a single central opening, maintained in their evolution into a simple circle. From the 17th century onwards, with the development of wrought ironwork, other shapes appear that favour a decorative potential for elaborate aesthetics, appealing to warriors and samurai and turning these objects into power symbols and indicators of the social status of their owner.
In the making of these tsuba it was necessary to define a solid central area (the seppa-dai) surrounding the wedge shaped opening that fits the sword handle (nakago). In more elaborate pieces there are also one (F1110 e F1111) or two (F1109) additional orifices that fit respectively a knife (Kogatana), a type of small katana for practical use, and a kogai, a spike that could be used as a weapon, a tool or a hair pin.
Armour and weaponry makers were highly considered in Japan and the craftsmen responsible for the various components of an armour suit – up to twenty including swords, body protectors and helmets – ensured that they left some of their personality in the pieces they produced.
The most famous production of Japanese swords was that of the Gotō School, founded by Gotō Yūjō (1440–1512) and sponsored by the daimyo unifier of Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537-1598), the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543–1616) and their successors. It remained active for the length of this shogunate and in the same family for approximately 400 years.
At the end of the 16th century (1588), Hideyoshi decided to disarm the whole of the population with the exception of the samurai warriors, experts in handling these objects (Kenjutsu).
The tsuba, similarly to other samurai armour elements, allied the purely utilitarian role to an aesthetic quest, creating a homogenous work of art that defined the social standing of its owner, as well as his ideals and convictions. Until 1613, when Tokugawa Ieyasu forbids Catholicism, tsuba often depicted Christian symbols or European figures, this latter imagery forbidden in 1639 by the promulgation of the sakoku, the edits that isolated Japan from the World.
The three tsuba described here are characteristic of Namban Art, a style relating to the Namban-jin or “Southern Barbarians”, the definition assigned to the Portuguese on their arrival in Japan, and have survived in excellent condition due to the uniform brown patina applied to the iron surface, contrary to other, namely Chinese examples. Their shape (gata) is normally rounded (maru-gata) and slightly elongated (naga maru-gata), with a protruding edge (mimi); the frame (seppa-dai) that surrounds the central, wedge shaped orifice adopts a decorative language of European and Japanese motifs.
In addition to the namban-jin figurative decoration, the master crafter also included Japanese symbolic details and European and Chinese inspired floral elements, such as karakusa scrolls (F1109). This well-known pattern of spiraled vines and other natural, stylized and abstract, forms is a paradigm of the Namban Art developed by Japanese craftsmen.
These rare tsuba, masterly adding quality, beauty and symbolic meaning to their practical function, have certainly served important daimyo and samurai, becoming relevant examples of fusion between Portuguese and Japanese cultures.


17th century wrought iron (tetsu) Namban tsuba, with remnants of the original gold alloy coating. Decorated on both faces in pierced, cut and engraved low-relief motifs that fill the elongated disk (naga maru-gata) surface, it portrays a magnificent ship, the “Black Ship” (kurofune) of the Portuguese Indian Trade, in this instance represented with clear oriental features on the stern canopy.
Cutting through the centre of the ship, the raised edge (seppa-dai) central orifice (nakago hitsu), designed to fit the blade handle, features to its right an additional oval recess for the spike (kogai), topped by three parallel daggers. To the left, on the ship´s upper deck, three figures in European costume and wide brimmed hats.

The sea waves and the oblique positioned oars suggest motion. Clearly evidenced on the prow, a Japanese dragon (ryu) figurehead, mythical figure that rules the seas, protects the ship. The Japanese were able to borrow from China the custom of merging the dragon (ryu tatsu) with the Imperial institution and the Buddhism.
Teresa Peralta
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Provenance

Rui Quintela, Lisbon

Exhibitions

"Venans de Loingtaines Voyages", M. Design, Bordeaux 2019, (cat. p. 56); "Des Samouraïs aux Mangas", Missions Etrangeres de Paris, Paris 2024 (cat. no. 6c)

Publications

Depois dos Bárbaros II", 2008, p. 140

O Tsuba ou guarda-mão de espada protege as mãos do guerreiro contra a espada do adversário. Os primeiros exemplares remontam ao seculo VI tornando-se, no início do período Edo (1600 – 1868), parte integrante de elaboradas tradições artísticas, associadas as armas e armaduras das classes guerreiras. Geralmente feitos de ferro — como os exemplares aqui apresentados —, são muitas vezes incrustados de materiais nobres (F1109 e F1110) e decorados com diversos motivos emblemáticos e simbólicos.

Os modelos iniciais, apenas com função defensiva, eram em forma de gota, apresentando apenas uma abertura central, parte que se manteve na sua evolução para círculo de metal simples. Só a partir de Seiscentos altura em que se inicia o trabalho em ferro forjado, surgem outras configurações, privilegiando o aspecto decorativo, com uma estética bem trabalhada e elaborada, que mereceu a atenção de guerreiros e samurais, transformando-se em símbolos de poder, susceptiveis de transparecer o estrato social do seu proprietário.

Na manufactura destas guardas foi necessário definir uma zona central, consistente, o (seppa-dai), rodeando a abertura em forma de cunha, que servia a entrada do pino (nakago) da lâmina da espada. Nas pecas mais elaboradas existe mais uma ranhura (F1110 e F1111) ou duas (F1109) que recebiam, respectivamente, a extremidade (Kozuka), de um pequeno punhal (Kogatana) - semelhante a uma pequena Katana - que servia para os usos correntes dos samurais; e a do Kogai — tipo de espeto que tinha várias aplicações, desde servir como arma, como ferramenta para a armadura, ou para prender o cabelo do guerreiro.

Os artesãos que se dedicavam ao fabrico armaduras, espadas e tsubas, eram tidos em grande consideração, e os especialistas que se encarregavam das várias componentes de uma armadura - que podiam chegar a duas dezenas de peças, como espadas, protectores e capacetes - punham na obra final, a marca da sua personalidade.

À escola de Gotō, fundada por Gotō Yūjō (1440 – 1512), se deve a mais famosa produção de espadas japonesas. Foi patrocinada pelo Dáimio unificador do Japao, Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1543 – 1616), pelo Xogum Ieyasu (1603 – 1616), fundador da dinastia Tokugawa, e pelos seus sucessores. Ficou activa ao longo deste xogunato, mantendo-se na mesma família durante cerca de quatrocentos anos. Hideyoshi nos finais do seculo XVI (1588), numa grande caça à recolha de espadas, decidiu desarmar toda a população, excepto os guerreiros samurais, peritos em desenvolver a arte de manejar estes objectos (Kenjutsu).

O tsuba, tal como todos os outros constituintes de ataque e defesa do samurai, aliava à função puramente utilitária, uma procura estética, produzindo uma obra de arte homogénea que marcava a aparência social do seu possuidor, assim como os seus ideais e convicções. Nela figuravam os símbolos cristãos - que irão desaparecer a partir de 1613, altura em que a religião cristã se torna interdita por Tokugawa Ieyasu - ou a representação de europeus, só possível ate 1639, data em que o xogum Tokugawa Iemitsu (g. 1623 – 1651) promulgou o Sakoku — o Édito da Exclusão — que isolou o Japão do resto do mundo.

Os três objectos em análise pertencem à arte Namban, dos Namban-jin ou “Barbaros do Sul”, termo por que foram designados os portugueses quando da sua chegada ao arquipélago nipónico. Estas tsubas possuem certas particularidades que lhes permitem esta designação. A característica mais notável advém da utilização de uma patine regular castanha sobre o ferro, responsável pelo excelente estado de conservação que mantêm até aos dias de hoje, ao contrário das congéneres de origem chinesa. Apresentam normalmente a forma (gata) redonda (maru-gata), ligeiramente alongada (naga maru-gata) e com bordo saliente (mimi); a moldura (seppa- dai), que envolve o orifício central e saliente e a decoração emprega motivos europeus miscigenados com japoneses.

Para além da decoração com figuras Namban-Jin, empregam-se também, nestas peças japonesas, motivos emblemáticos e simbólicos da cultura autóctone e elementos vegetalistas, inspirados na Europa e na China, como os enrolamentos em Karakusa (F1109). Este padrão decorativo, desenvolvido pelos artesãos japoneses a partir de enrolamentos europeus e chineses, constituindo espirais de ramos de vinhas e de outras formas naturais, estilizadas e abstractas, é um paradigma da arte namban.

Estes raros e importantes tsuba, que adicionaram habilmente a função do objecto, à qualidade, beleza e simbologia, serviram de equipamento a importantes Dáimios e Samurais, tornando-se num relevante exemplo de fusão entre as culturas, portuguesa e japonesa.Tsuba Namban de ferro forjado (tetsu) do seculo XVII, com vestígios de revestimento em liga de ouro. Ornamentada de ambos os lados em abertos e fechados, recortados e gravados, em baixo-relevo, a decoração circunscreve-se à forma circular alongada (naga maru-gata) subdividida em linhas paralelas horizontais, onde se representa magnifica embarcação europeia (barco negro do trato de Macau, designado por Kurofune), miscigenada com cobertura e cimalha oriental.

Esta nau agrupa o orifício central (nakago hitsu) elevado (seppa-dai) e a reentrância necessária ao espeto (kogai), encimada por três punhais (Kogatana) espetados e paralelos. Na plataforma elevada da embarcação o artista assinalou a origem deste barco pela representação de tripulantes vestidos a europeia, com chapéu de aba larga.

As ondas do mar e o casco, com as réguas dos remos colocadas em oblíqua, denunciam que a nau está em movimento. Na proa, em destaque, surge um dragão japonês (ryu) que protege o navio - divindade mítica que, entre as várias lendas, tutela principalmente o mar, simbolizando todo o poder do oceano como rei dos mares. O Japão retirou da China o hábito de conciliar o dragão (Ryu tatsu) com a instituição imperial e o Budismo.





The tsuba, or sword hand guard, is a metal disk that protects the warrior’s hands against the enemy’s sword. The earliest known examples date from the 6th century, becoming in the early Edo Period (1600-1868) an integral part of the elaborate artistic traditions associated to the warrior class weaponry and armour. Usually made in iron, such as the examples here described, they are often encrusted in precious materials (F1109 and F1110) and decorated with historic and symbolic motives.
Early examples, tear shaped and of merely practical defensive use, were characterized by a single central opening, maintained in their evolution into a simple circle. From the 17th century onwards, with the development of wrought ironwork, other shapes appear that favour a decorative potential for elaborate aesthetics, appealing to warriors and samurai and turning these objects into power symbols and indicators of the social status of their owner.
In the making of these tsuba it was necessary to define a solid central area (the seppa-dai) surrounding the wedge shaped opening that fits the sword handle (nakago). In more elaborate pieces there are also one (F1110 e F1111) or two (F1109) additional orifices that fit respectively a knife (Kogatana), a type of small katana for practical use, and a kogai, a spike that could be used as a weapon, a tool or a hair pin.
Armour and weaponry makers were highly considered in Japan and the craftsmen responsible for the various components of an armour suit – up to twenty including swords, body protectors and helmets – ensured that they left some of their personality in the pieces they produced.
The most famous production of Japanese swords was that of the Gotō School, founded by Gotō Yūjō (1440–1512) and sponsored by the daimyo unifier of Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537-1598), the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543–1616) and their successors. It remained active for the length of this shogunate and in the same family for approximately 400 years.
At the end of the 16th century (1588), Hideyoshi decided to disarm the whole of the population with the exception of the samurai warriors, experts in handling these objects (Kenjutsu).
The tsuba, similarly to other samurai armour elements, allied the purely utilitarian role to an aesthetic quest, creating a homogenous work of art that defined the social standing of its owner, as well as his ideals and convictions. Until 1613, when Tokugawa Ieyasu forbids Catholicism, tsuba often depicted Christian symbols or European figures, this latter imagery forbidden in 1639 by the promulgation of the sakoku, the edits that isolated Japan from the World.
The three tsuba described here are characteristic of Namban Art, a style relating to the Namban-jin or “Southern Barbarians”, the definition assigned to the Portuguese on their arrival in Japan, and have survived in excellent condition due to the uniform brown patina applied to the iron surface, contrary to other, namely Chinese examples. Their shape (gata) is normally rounded (maru-gata) and slightly elongated (naga maru-gata), with a protruding edge (mimi); the frame (seppa-dai) that surrounds the central, wedge shaped orifice adopts a decorative language of European and Japanese motifs.
In addition to the namban-jin figurative decoration, the master crafter also included Japanese symbolic details and European and Chinese inspired floral elements, such as karakusa scrolls (F1109). This well-known pattern of spiraled vines and other natural, stylized and abstract, forms is a paradigm of the Namban Art developed by Japanese craftsmen.
These rare tsuba, masterly adding quality, beauty and symbolic meaning to their practical function, have certainly served important daimyo and samurai, becoming relevant examples of fusion between Portuguese and Japanese cultures.


17th century wrought iron (tetsu) Namban tsuba, with remnants of the original gold alloy coating. Decorated on both faces in pierced, cut and engraved low-relief motifs that fill the elongated disk (naga maru-gata) surface, it portrays a magnificent ship, the “Black Ship” (kurofune) of the Portuguese Indian Trade, in this instance represented with clear oriental features on the stern canopy.
Cutting through the centre of the ship, the raised edge (seppa-dai) central orifice (nakago hitsu), designed to fit the blade handle, features to its right an additional oval recess for the spike (kogai), topped by three parallel daggers. To the left, on the ship´s upper deck, three figures in European costume and wide brimmed hats.

The sea waves and the oblique positioned oars suggest motion. Clearly evidenced on the prow, a Japanese dragon (ryu) figurehead, mythical figure that rules the seas, protects the ship. The Japanese were able to borrow from China the custom of merging the dragon (ryu tatsu) with the Imperial institution and the Buddhism.
Teresa Peralta

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