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Open a larger version of the following image in a popup: Placa , Filipinas, séc. XVII (?)
Open a larger version of the following image in a popup: Placa , Filipinas, séc. XVII (?)
Open a larger version of the following image in a popup: Placa , Filipinas, séc. XVII (?)
Open a larger version of the following image in a popup: Placa , Filipinas, séc. XVII (?)

Plaque, Philippines, 17th c.

Ivory
11.1 x 7.5 x 0.7 cm
F1418
Enquire
%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22title_and_year%22%3E%3Cspan%20class%3D%22title_and_year_title%22%3EPlaque%3C/span%3E%2C%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22title_and_year_year%22%3EPhilippines%2C%2017th%20c.%3C/span%3E%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22medium%22%3EIvory%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22dimensions%22%3E11.1%20x%207.5%20x%200.7%20cm%3C/div%3E

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This delicate devotional ivory plaque, depicting Saint Jerome in the Desert and intended for personal worshipping, was carved by Chinese craftsmen in Manila, in the Philippines.

Saint Jerome, who, in the fourth century CE, translated the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate), is portrayed as penitent in the desert. Kneeling in praying to a large crucifix raising by a cave entry, with the diminutive figure of God the Father appearing in a recess above, the bearded and long-haired Saint holds the cross’s vertical arm with the left hand. The now missing right-hand would have held a rock for beating His own chest in self-flagellation. Hanging from a tree on the upper left, the Saint’s Cardinal hat and robes, while his main attribute, the lion, is crouching in an alcove lower right. A church’s outline emerges from the right-hand side of the composition.

The kneeling figure is reminiscent of an engraving by Agostino Carracci (1557-1602), finished by Francesco Brizio (ca. 1574-1623) and published ca. 1602.[1] The general composition details however, including the cave opening, the figure by the crucifix, the crouched lion on the right, the cardinal hat hanging from the tree on the left and the church on the plaque’s left edge, are analogous to an engraving by Cornelis Cort (1533-1578), after Frans Floris (ca. 1519/1520-1570), published by Hieronymus Cock (ca. 1517/1518-1570) ca. 1560.[2] Given the evident reliance of early-modern Asian carvers of Christian subject matters upon Dutch engravings, it is likely that Cort’s print was the template for the local master carver, who chose to adapt it rather than replicate it.

A model of asceticism and solitude, Saint Jerome’s desert retreat symbolised spiritual discipline and the renouncing of worldly temptation, thus aligning with the Counter Reformation movement emphasis on personal piety and inner conversion. Iconography such as this was adopted by missionaries throughout Asia, as inspiration for converts to adopt similar commitment towards the Christian faith and, simultaneously for promoting detachment from previous religious beliefs and practices incompatible with Catholicism. Albeit in a lesser way, Saint Jerome’s role in translating the Scriptures – resonating with the Counter Reformation ideals of Scriptural authority and education – was also adopted as a model for catechism in missionary practices. The desert metaphor as a place of spiritual rebirth, did also align with missionary perception of Asia as fertile ground for the renewal and expansion of Christianity.

Carved ivory plaques of complex religious iconography were conceived as visual aids for devotional practices, as promoted by the Society of Jesus, and also as export items, namely for Central and South American and Iberian markets.[3]

Recent archaeological research, namely at the Santa Margarita Manila galleon shipwreck site, sunk in 1601 off the Mariana Islands (Ladrones), has yielded a wealth of primary information on the chronology and production of these devotional ivories, made by Chinese and Filipino master carvers in early-seventeenth century Philippines, predating by several decades the Goan ivory carving industry.[4]

The herein described plaque, carved from a single, transversally cut section of elephant ivory, is remarkable for its carving mastery, modelling and smooth surface polish.[5] The master carver Chinese origin is evident from the characteristic handling of clouds and rocky outcrops, as well as for the figure’s almond-shaped eyes and eyelid folds.

In its outline, the arched upper edge suggests that it was once the central section of a triptych whose wings are missing. An identical central panel (7.0 x 5.0 cm) from a surviving triptych, likely made by the same carver in Manila, has been recovered from the above referred Santa Margarita shipwreck.[6] In this instance, the central section appears to be the abridged version of our plaque, compressed and adapted to a smaller panel.

Another closely similar but rectangular and larger plaque (11.4 x 7.4 cm), has been recently published.[7] From amongst other similar objects known to us, mention should be made of one that retains much of its original polychrome decoration, now in the Asian Civilizations Museum, in Singapore (inv. 2011-01507).[8]

Hugo Miguel Crespo


[1] Print of this engraving in the British Museum, London (inv. U,2.78).

[2] Print of this engraving in the British Museum (inv. 1950,0520.396).

[3] Alan Chong, “Christian ivories by Chinese artists. Macau, the Philippines, and elsewhere, late 16th and 17th centuries”, in Alan Chong (ed.), Christianity in Asia. Sacred art and visual splendour (cat.), Singapore, Asian Civilisations Museum, 2016, pp. 204-207. See also Gauvin Alexander Bailey, “Translation and metamorphosis in the Catholic Ivories of China, Japan and the Philippines, 1561-1800”, in Nuno Vassallo e Silva (ed.), Ivories in the Portuguese Empire, Lisbon, Scribe, 2013, pp. 233-290; Margarita Estella Marcos, Marfiles de las provincias ultramarinas orientales de España y Portugal, Ciudad de México, Espejo de Obsidiana, 2010; and Marjorie Trusted, “Propaganda an Luxury: Small-scale Baroque Sculptures in Viceregal America and the Philippines”, in Donna Pierce, Ronald Osaka (eds.), Asia and Spanish America. Trans-Pacific Artistic and Cultural Exchange, 1500-1850, Denver, Denver Art Museum, 2009, pp. 151-163.

[4] Marjorie Trusted, “Survivors of a Shipwreck: Ivories from a Manila Galleon of 1601”, Hispanic Research Journal, 14.5 (2013), pp. 446-462.

[5] For comparable examples regarding the carving quality, and whose inspirational European printed sources have been identified, see Hugo Miguel Crespo (ed.), The Art of Collecting. Lisbon, Europe and the Early Modern World (1500-1800), Lisbon, AR-PAB, 2019, pp. 334-338, cat. 49.

[6] Marjorie Trusted, “Survivors of a Shipwreck: Ivories from a Manila Galleon of 1601”, Hispanic Research Journal, 14.5 (2013), p. 460, fig. 14.

[7] Hugo Miguel Crespo (ed.), The Art of Collecting. Lisbon, Europe and the Early Modern World (1500-1800), Lisbon, AR-PAB, 2019, pp. 338-339, cat. 49 (3).

[8] Alan Chong (ed.), Christianity in Asia. Sacred art and visual splendour (cat.), Singapura Asian Civilisations Museum, 2016, pp. 210-211, cat. 89 (catalographic entry by William R. Sargent).

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Esta placa religiosa, representando S. Jerónimo no Deserto e destinada à devoção privada, foi delicadamente entalhada em marfim por artesãos chineses nas Filipinas (Manila).

S. Jerónimo, que traduziu a Bíblia para latim (a Vulgata) no século IV, é retratado durante o seu período de penitência no deserto. Diante da grande abertura de uma caverna rochosa, encimada pela diminuta figura de Deus Pai abençoando, o santo, de longa barba e cabelo, é representado ajoelhado em oração, perante um grande crucifixo. Segura firmemente a base da cruz com a mão esquerda, enquanto a direita, hoje desaparecida, seguraria uma pedra para a prática da penitência. Sobre uma árvore, no canto superior esquerdo, encontram-se o chapéu e as vestes de cardeal do santo, enquanto o seu atributo, o leão, está agachado num nicho, no canto inferior direito. À direita, em segundo plano, emerge o contorno de uma igreja.

A figura ajoelhada do santo é reminiscente de uma gravura de Agostino Carracci (1557-1602), terminada por Francesco Brizio (ca. 1574-1623) e publicada por volta de 1602.[1]

Contudo, a composição geral, quer na abertura da caverna, na posição do santo ajoelhado junto ao crucifixo e do leão na caverna, quer no chapéu de cardeal suspenso no ramo da árvore e a igreja em segundo plano, é idêntica a de uma gravura de Cornelis Cort (1533-1578), baseada numa composição de Frans Floris (ca. 1519/1520-1570) e publicada por Hieronymus Cock (ca. 1517/1518-1570) por volta de 1560.[2] Se considerarmos a conhecida dependência dos entalhadores de marfim asiáticos no período moderno, em gravuras neerlandesas para temas cristãos, é provável que esta gravura de Cort tenha servido de modelo para o talentoso entalhador local que, no entanto, optou por adaptar a sua fonte em vez de a copiar fielmente.

Como modelo de ascetismo e solidão, o retiro de S. Jerónimo no deserto simbolia disciplina espiritual e a renúncia às tentações mundanas, alinhando-se com a ênfase dada pelo movimento da Contra-Reforma à piedade pessoal e conversão interior. Imagens como esta seriam utilizadas por missionários na Ásia para inspirar os recém-convertidos a adoptarem dedicação semelhante à fé cristã e a afastarem-se de práticas religiosas anteriores, consideradas incompatíveis com o cristianismo. Ainda que de forma menos central, o papel de S. Jerónimo na tradução das Escrituras - em consonância com os ideais da Contra-Reforma sobre a autoridade escriturística e a educação - serviu de modelo para os catequistas no seu trabalho missionário na Ásia. A metáfora do deserto como um lugar de renascimento espiritual alinhava-se também com a visão dos missionários sobre a Ásia como um terreno fértil para a renovação e expansão do cristianismo.

Esta e outras semelhantes placas de marfim entalhado de complexa iconografia religiosa foram concebidas enquanto suporte visual para práticas devocionais tais como incentivadas pelos jesuítas na Ásia no seu esforço missionário e também como objecto para exportação em particular para a América Central e do Sul e para a Península Ibérica.[3]

Escavações arqueológicas recentes, nomeadamente a do naufrágio de um galeão de Manila, o Santa Margarita (1601) junto às Ilhas Marianas (Ladrones) oferecem uma riqueza de informações sobre a cronologia e produção de esculturas devocionais de marfim feitas por mestres entalhadores chineses e filipinos nas Filipinas nos inícios do século XVII e que antecede em várias décadas a produção de escultura ebúrnea em Goa.[4]

Esta nossa placa, entalhada de uma única secção transversal de marfim de elefante, é extraordinária pela qualidade do entalhe, modelado e fino polimento final.[5] A origem chinesa do entalhador é visível no tratamento típico das nuvens e formações rochosas, no rasgamento dos olhos amendoados e na esquematização geométrica dos panejamentos, enquanto a forma recortada do remate superior da placa permite supor tratar-se do painel central de um tríptico cujos volantes se perderam.

Um painel central idêntico (7,0 x 5,0 cm) de um tríptico sobrevivente, publicado ainda com concreções minerais nos volantes, foi recuperado do naufrágio do Santa Margarita.[6], devendo ter sido ambos produzidos pelo mesmo entalhador em Manila. O painel central do tríptico do Santa Margarita parece ser versão abreviada da presente placa, mais condensado e adaptado ao seu menor tamanho. Outra placa muito idêntica embora de formato rectangular (11,4 x 7,4 cm) foi recentemente publicada.[7] Entre outros exemplares semelhantes que nos são conhecidos, refira-se um que mantem grande parte da sua viva policromia original, no Asian Civilisations Museum, em Singapura (inv. 2011-01507).[8]

Hugo Miguel Crespo


[1] Um exemplar desta gravura pertence à colecção do British Museum, Londres (inv. U,2.78).

[2] Um exemplar desta gravura no British Museum (inv. 1950,0520.396).

[3] Alan Chong, “Christian ivories by Chinese artists. Macau, the Philippines, and elsewhere, late 16th and 17th centuries”, in Alan Chong (ed.), Christianity in Asia. Sacred art and visual splendour (cat.), Singapore, Asian Civilisations Museum, 2016, pp. 204-207. Veja-se também Gauvin Alexander Bailey, “Trasladação e Metamorfose dos Marfins Católicos da China, Japão e Filipinas, 1561-1800”, in Nuno Vassallo e Silva (ed.), Marfins no Império Português, Lisboa, Scribe, 2013, pp. 233-290; Margarita Estella Marcos, Marfiles de las provincias ultramarinas orientales de España y Portugal, Ciudad de México, Espejo de Obsidiana, 2010; e Marjorie Trusted, “Propaganda an Luxury: Small-scale Baroque Sculptures in Viceregal America and the Philippines”, in Donna Pierce, Ronald Osaka (eds.), Asia and Spanish America. Trans-Pacific Artistic and Cultural Exchange, 1500-1850, Denver, Denver Art Museum, 2009, pp. 151-163.

[4] Marjorie Trusted, “Survivors of a Shipwreck: Ivories from a Manila Galleon of 1601”, Hispanic Research Journal, 14.5 (2013), pp. 446-462.

[5] Para exemplares comparáveis no que concerne à qualidade do entalhe, alguns dos quais foi também possível identificar a fonte gravada europeia, veja-se Hugo Miguel Crespo (ed.), A Arte de Coleccionar. Lisboa, a Europa e o Mundo na Época Moderna (1500-1800), Lisboa, AR-PAB, 2019, pp. 334-338, cat. 49.

[6] Marjorie Trusted, “Survivors of a Shipwreck: Ivories from a Manila Galleon of 1601”, Hispanic Research Journal, 14.5 (2013), p. 460, fig. 14.

[7] Hugo Miguel Crespo (ed.), A Arte de Coleccionar. Lisboa, a Europa e o Mundo na Época Moderna (1500-1800), Lisboa, AR-PAB, 2019, pp. 338-339, cat. 49 (3).

[8] Alan Chong (ed.), Christianity in Asia. Sacred art and visual splendour (cat.), Singapura Asian Civilisations Museum, 2016, pp. 210-211, cat. 89 (entrada catalográfica de William R. Sargent).





This delicate devotional ivory plaque, depicting Saint Jerome in the Desert and intended for personal worshipping, was carved by Chinese craftsmen in Manila, in the Philippines.

Saint Jerome, who, in the fourth century CE, translated the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate), is portrayed as penitent in the desert. Kneeling in praying to a large crucifix raising by a cave entry, with the diminutive figure of God the Father appearing in a recess above, the bearded and long-haired Saint holds the cross’s vertical arm with the left hand. The now missing right-hand would have held a rock for beating His own chest in self-flagellation. Hanging from a tree on the upper left, the Saint’s Cardinal hat and robes, while his main attribute, the lion, is crouching in an alcove lower right. A church’s outline emerges from the right-hand side of the composition.

The kneeling figure is reminiscent of an engraving by Agostino Carracci (1557-1602), finished by Francesco Brizio (ca. 1574-1623) and published ca. 1602.[1] The general composition details however, including the cave opening, the figure by the crucifix, the crouched lion on the right, the cardinal hat hanging from the tree on the left and the church on the plaque’s left edge, are analogous to an engraving by Cornelis Cort (1533-1578), after Frans Floris (ca. 1519/1520-1570), published by Hieronymus Cock (ca. 1517/1518-1570) ca. 1560.[2] Given the evident reliance of early-modern Asian carvers of Christian subject matters upon Dutch engravings, it is likely that Cort’s print was the template for the local master carver, who chose to adapt it rather than replicate it.

A model of asceticism and solitude, Saint Jerome’s desert retreat symbolised spiritual discipline and the renouncing of worldly temptation, thus aligning with the Counter Reformation movement emphasis on personal piety and inner conversion. Iconography such as this was adopted by missionaries throughout Asia, as inspiration for converts to adopt similar commitment towards the Christian faith and, simultaneously for promoting detachment from previous religious beliefs and practices incompatible with Catholicism. Albeit in a lesser way, Saint Jerome’s role in translating the Scriptures – resonating with the Counter Reformation ideals of Scriptural authority and education – was also adopted as a model for catechism in missionary practices. The desert metaphor as a place of spiritual rebirth, did also align with missionary perception of Asia as fertile ground for the renewal and expansion of Christianity.

Carved ivory plaques of complex religious iconography were conceived as visual aids for devotional practices, as promoted by the Society of Jesus, and also as export items, namely for Central and South American and Iberian markets.[3]

Recent archaeological research, namely at the Santa Margarita Manila galleon shipwreck site, sunk in 1601 off the Mariana Islands (Ladrones), has yielded a wealth of primary information on the chronology and production of these devotional ivories, made by Chinese and Filipino master carvers in early-seventeenth century Philippines, predating by several decades the Goan ivory carving industry.[4]

The herein described plaque, carved from a single, transversally cut section of elephant ivory, is remarkable for its carving mastery, modelling and smooth surface polish.[5] The master carver Chinese origin is evident from the characteristic handling of clouds and rocky outcrops, as well as for the figure’s almond-shaped eyes and eyelid folds.

In its outline, the arched upper edge suggests that it was once the central section of a triptych whose wings are missing. An identical central panel (7.0 x 5.0 cm) from a surviving triptych, likely made by the same carver in Manila, has been recovered from the above referred Santa Margarita shipwreck.[6] In this instance, the central section appears to be the abridged version of our plaque, compressed and adapted to a smaller panel.

Another closely similar but rectangular and larger plaque (11.4 x 7.4 cm), has been recently published.[7] From amongst other similar objects known to us, mention should be made of one that retains much of its original polychrome decoration, now in the Asian Civilizations Museum, in Singapore (inv. 2011-01507).[8]

Hugo Miguel Crespo


[1] Print of this engraving in the British Museum, London (inv. U,2.78).

[2] Print of this engraving in the British Museum (inv. 1950,0520.396).

[3] Alan Chong, “Christian ivories by Chinese artists. Macau, the Philippines, and elsewhere, late 16th and 17th centuries”, in Alan Chong (ed.), Christianity in Asia. Sacred art and visual splendour (cat.), Singapore, Asian Civilisations Museum, 2016, pp. 204-207. See also Gauvin Alexander Bailey, “Translation and metamorphosis in the Catholic Ivories of China, Japan and the Philippines, 1561-1800”, in Nuno Vassallo e Silva (ed.), Ivories in the Portuguese Empire, Lisbon, Scribe, 2013, pp. 233-290; Margarita Estella Marcos, Marfiles de las provincias ultramarinas orientales de España y Portugal, Ciudad de México, Espejo de Obsidiana, 2010; and Marjorie Trusted, “Propaganda an Luxury: Small-scale Baroque Sculptures in Viceregal America and the Philippines”, in Donna Pierce, Ronald Osaka (eds.), Asia and Spanish America. Trans-Pacific Artistic and Cultural Exchange, 1500-1850, Denver, Denver Art Museum, 2009, pp. 151-163.

[4] Marjorie Trusted, “Survivors of a Shipwreck: Ivories from a Manila Galleon of 1601”, Hispanic Research Journal, 14.5 (2013), pp. 446-462.

[5] For comparable examples regarding the carving quality, and whose inspirational European printed sources have been identified, see Hugo Miguel Crespo (ed.), The Art of Collecting. Lisbon, Europe and the Early Modern World (1500-1800), Lisbon, AR-PAB, 2019, pp. 334-338, cat. 49.

[6] Marjorie Trusted, “Survivors of a Shipwreck: Ivories from a Manila Galleon of 1601”, Hispanic Research Journal, 14.5 (2013), p. 460, fig. 14.

[7] Hugo Miguel Crespo (ed.), The Art of Collecting. Lisbon, Europe and the Early Modern World (1500-1800), Lisbon, AR-PAB, 2019, pp. 338-339, cat. 49 (3).

[8] Alan Chong (ed.), Christianity in Asia. Sacred art and visual splendour (cat.), Singapura Asian Civilisations Museum, 2016, pp. 210-211, cat. 89 (catalographic entry by William R. Sargent).

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