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Open a larger version of the following image in a popup: São Nicolau Tolentino (Agostinho), Índia, séc. XVII
Open a larger version of the following image in a popup: São Nicolau Tolentino (Agostinho), Índia, séc. XVII
Open a larger version of the following image in a popup: São Nicolau Tolentino (Agostinho), Índia, séc. XVII

Saint Nicholas Tolentino (Augustine), India, 17th c.

Gilt and polychrome teak and ivory (hands and face), book of later date
Height: 39.0 cm
F1321
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Higher quality, 17th century Goan made devotional wooden and ivory sculptures, produced by local saint-makers about whom very little is known, have survived in very limited numbers. This particular image, depicting Saint Nicholas of Tolentine (ca.1245-1305) holding a book on the left hand and another, now missing attribute in the right – perhaps a silver crucifix, flowering lily or another object with which He is associated -, is certainly one of those rare survivals.

Finely carved in teakwood, gilt and painted and with elegantly sculpted ivory hands and head, the Saint, recognisable for his youthful appearance and monastic tonsure, is attired in the black habit characteristic of the Augustinian Hermits, in this instance decorated in a dense golden starred pattern, with hood, wide sleeves and long, hanging leather belt. Missing from His chest, the large rounded star or comet, Saint Nicholas of Tolentine personal attribute, perhaps another metal made element, such as the one missing from His right hand.

The mystical Saint’s figure, carved independently from the stand, rests on a large golden orb, similarly to other contemporary depictions of the Salvator Mundi or of The Madonna of The Immaculate Conception. The orb is flanked by two curious and very unusual figures. One, on Saint Nicholas left, portrays a devilish looking figure with male features, reddish skin, horns, large open mouth and long hair, and can be identified with evil. The other, on His right hand side, is depicted as a bare breasted female wearing bracelets, necklace and earrings, her hair styled in a jewelled bun. Most certainly a “Gentoo”, a Hindu woman in local costume, the figure alludes to the licentious and lascivious character that clerical authorities attributed to “pagan” Goan women.

Running over the orb, what appear to be two sections of rope linking the Saint to both “satanic” figures, in a symbolic allusion to the supremacy of the Catholic faith over evil as well as to the Saint’s salvific power. This rare iconography is closely related to Saint Nicholas of Tolentine, a known advocate for souls in Purgatory often invoked by the suffering or oppressed. The squared stand of architectural characteristics, surmounted by the golden orb, features two volutes framing a central stylised floral motif, a type of typically Mannerist ornament, often seen in 17th century carved wooden elements and retables that is commonplace in many Goan churches.

Contemporary in dating and of similar aesthetic qualities, the Victoria & Albert Museum in London has in its collections a wood and ivory image of Saint Joseph (h.:21.4 cm) from the same Goan production (inv. A.64-1927).[1] Another similar 17th-century depiction of Saint Nicholas of Tolentine, albeit in polychrome wood with evidence of gilding, originally form the Convent of Saint Monica in Old Goa, is now in the collection of the Museum of Christian Art (inv. 01.1 .83) installed in this same Augustinian monastic complex.[2]

Rare iconography on Portuguese altars, this devotional figure has most likely belonged to an Augustinian House in Goa, or in other Portuguese India territory. It should be stressed that our sculpture, unlike many other such wooden icons, which remained in cult use and were repainted over the centuries, retains its original 17th century polychrome and gilt decoration.


Hugo Miguel Crespo

Centre for History, University of Lisbon


Bibliography:


PINTO, Maria Helena Mendes, et al., Museu de Arte Cristã. Convento de Santa Mónica, Goa, Índia, Lisboa, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2011.

TRUSTED, Marjorie, Baroque & Later Ivories, London, Victoria & Albert Museum, 2013.


[1] See Marjorie Trusted, Baroque & Later Ivories, London, Victoria & Albert Museum, London, 2013, pp. 375-376, cat. 372 (identified as an apostle saint).

[2] See Maria Helena Mendes Pinto, et al., Museu de Arte Cristã. Convento de Santa Mónica, Goa, Índia, Lisboa, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2011, p. 221.



Read more

Provenance

D'Argent, Lisbon

Esculturas devocionais em madeira enriquecida com marfim produzidas em Goa no século XVII, em especial desta qualidade, não sobrevivem em grande número, sendo manufactura de santeiros locais dos quais sabemos também muito pouco.

Esta imagem representando São Nicolau Tolentino (c. 1245-1305), que seguraria nas mãos os atributos (um livro na mão esquerda e um crucifico ou lírio florido na direita hoje perdido, entre outros possíveis), foi finamente entalhada em madeira de teca, posteriormente dourada e policromada.

Apenas a cabeça, as mãos do santo e o livro (embora posterior) são em marfim, em contraste com o vulto em madeira dourada, cujo hábito é delicadamente estofado a negro sobre ouro, semeado de estrelas.

Reconhecível pelo aspecto jovem e tonsura monacal, São Nicolau Tolentino enverga o hábito escuro dos eremitas agostinhos, com capuz, mangas largas e cinto de couro de longa ponta pendente. No peito teria a grande estrela redonda ou cometa (o seu atributo pessoal) talvez em metal à semelhança do atributo que lhe falta nas mãos.

A figura do santo místico, entalhada de forma independente da base, assenta, à semelhança de representações coevas do Menino Jesus Salvador do Mundo ou de Nossa Senhora da Conceição, sobre um grande orbe dourado, que é ladeado por duas curiosas figuras junto à base.

Uma, à esquerda, representa as forças maléficas, uma figura diabólica de feições masculinas, de pele de cor avermelhada, chifres coroando a cabeça, uma grande boca aberta e cabelos compridos.

A outra, à direita, apresenta-se como uma figura feminina de peito descoberto, ornada de jóias nas orelhas, pescoço e pulsos, cabeça descoberta e cabelo apanhado em chignon, também ele decorado com ornamento precioso. Representa, sem dúvida, uma “gentia” Goesa, mulher hindu com as suas peças de joalharia e penteado típicos, aludindo ao carácter licencioso e lascivo que as autoridades religiosas lhes atribuíam.

Sobre o orbe, e através do que parecem ser duas cordas, o santo liga-se às duas figuras maléficas, como que em sinal de subjugação do mal pela fé e também ao poder de redenção do santo.

Esta rara iconografia está intimamente ligada à figura de São Nicolau Tolentino, já que este é considerado o protector das almas sofredoras do Purgatório e invocado por aqueles que sofrem injustiças ou são oprimidos.

A base, coroada pelo orbe dourado, quadrangular, é de tipo arquitectónico, com duas aletas recurvadas e um motivo floral estilizado ao centro, de gramática ainda maneirista e que encontramos na obra de talha seiscentista um pouco por todo o território goês.

Do mesmo período e partilhando a mesma qualidade plástica, em especial quanto às carnações em marfim e à decoração estofada do vulto, refira-se uma figura de São José (21,4 cm de altura) combinando madeira e marfim, desta mesma produção goesa, na colecção do Victoria and Albert Museum, Londres (inv. A.64-1927).[1] Uma escultura seiscentista de São Nicolau Tolentino muito semelhante à presente embora apenas em madeira policromada com vestígios de douramento (113,0 cm de altura), proveniente do Convento de Santa Mónica, está hoje no Museu de Arte Cristã, Velha Goa (inv. 01.1.83) do mesmo espaço conventual agostinho.[2]

Trata-se de uma iconografia rara nos altares portugueses e é provável que a presente escultura devocional tenha pertencido a alguma instituição agostinha de Goa ou de outro território do Estado Português da Índia.

Registe-se que permanecendo ao culto na Índia portuguesa, algumas destas imagens de madeira foram muito repintadas ao longo dos últimos séculos, ao contrário desta nossa imagem, que sobrevive com a sua policromia seiscentista original.


Hugo Miguel Crespo

Centro de História, Universidade de Lisboa


Bibliografia:


PINTO, Maria Helena Mendes, et al., Museu de Arte Cristã. Convento de Santa Mónica, Goa, Índia, Lisboa, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2011.

TRUSTED, Marjorie, Baroque & Later Ivories, London, Victoria & Albert Museum, 2013.


[1] Veja-se Marjorie Trusted, Baroque & Later Ivories, London, Victoria & Albert Museum, London, 2013, pp. 375-376, cat. 372 (aí identificado como santo apóstolo).

[2] Veja-se Maria Helena Mendes Pinto, et al., Museu de Arte Cristã. Convento de Santa Mónica, Goa, Índia, Lisboa, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2011, p. 221.





Higher quality, 17th century Goan made devotional wooden and ivory sculptures, produced by local saint-makers about whom very little is known, have survived in very limited numbers. This particular image, depicting Saint Nicholas of Tolentine (ca.1245-1305) holding a book on the left hand and another, now missing attribute in the right – perhaps a silver crucifix, flowering lily or another object with which He is associated -, is certainly one of those rare survivals.

Finely carved in teakwood, gilt and painted and with elegantly sculpted ivory hands and head, the Saint, recognisable for his youthful appearance and monastic tonsure, is attired in the black habit characteristic of the Augustinian Hermits, in this instance decorated in a dense golden starred pattern, with hood, wide sleeves and long, hanging leather belt. Missing from His chest, the large rounded star or comet, Saint Nicholas of Tolentine personal attribute, perhaps another metal made element, such as the one missing from His right hand.

The mystical Saint’s figure, carved independently from the stand, rests on a large golden orb, similarly to other contemporary depictions of the Salvator Mundi or of The Madonna of The Immaculate Conception. The orb is flanked by two curious and very unusual figures. One, on Saint Nicholas left, portrays a devilish looking figure with male features, reddish skin, horns, large open mouth and long hair, and can be identified with evil. The other, on His right hand side, is depicted as a bare breasted female wearing bracelets, necklace and earrings, her hair styled in a jewelled bun. Most certainly a “Gentoo”, a Hindu woman in local costume, the figure alludes to the licentious and lascivious character that clerical authorities attributed to “pagan” Goan women.

Running over the orb, what appear to be two sections of rope linking the Saint to both “satanic” figures, in a symbolic allusion to the supremacy of the Catholic faith over evil as well as to the Saint’s salvific power. This rare iconography is closely related to Saint Nicholas of Tolentine, a known advocate for souls in Purgatory often invoked by the suffering or oppressed. The squared stand of architectural characteristics, surmounted by the golden orb, features two volutes framing a central stylised floral motif, a type of typically Mannerist ornament, often seen in 17th century carved wooden elements and retables that is commonplace in many Goan churches.

Contemporary in dating and of similar aesthetic qualities, the Victoria & Albert Museum in London has in its collections a wood and ivory image of Saint Joseph (h.:21.4 cm) from the same Goan production (inv. A.64-1927).[1] Another similar 17th-century depiction of Saint Nicholas of Tolentine, albeit in polychrome wood with evidence of gilding, originally form the Convent of Saint Monica in Old Goa, is now in the collection of the Museum of Christian Art (inv. 01.1 .83) installed in this same Augustinian monastic complex.[2]

Rare iconography on Portuguese altars, this devotional figure has most likely belonged to an Augustinian House in Goa, or in other Portuguese India territory. It should be stressed that our sculpture, unlike many other such wooden icons, which remained in cult use and were repainted over the centuries, retains its original 17th century polychrome and gilt decoration.


Hugo Miguel Crespo

Centre for History, University of Lisbon


Bibliography:


PINTO, Maria Helena Mendes, et al., Museu de Arte Cristã. Convento de Santa Mónica, Goa, Índia, Lisboa, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2011.

TRUSTED, Marjorie, Baroque & Later Ivories, London, Victoria & Albert Museum, 2013.


[1] See Marjorie Trusted, Baroque & Later Ivories, London, Victoria & Albert Museum, London, 2013, pp. 375-376, cat. 372 (identified as an apostle saint).

[2] See Maria Helena Mendes Pinto, et al., Museu de Arte Cristã. Convento de Santa Mónica, Goa, Índia, Lisboa, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2011, p. 221.



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